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Social psychiatry was a mid-twentieth-century approach to mental health that stressed the prevention of mental illness rather than its treatment. Its proponents developed environmental explanations of mental health, arguing that socioeconomic problems such as poverty, inequality, and social isolation were the underlying causes of mental illness. The influence of social psychiatry contributed to the closure of psychiatric hospitals and the emergence of community mental health care during the 1960s. By the 1980s, however, social psychiatry was in decline, having lost ground to biological psychiatry and its emphasis on genetics, neurology, and psychopharmacology.The First Resort is a history of the rise and fall of social psychiatry that also explores the lessons this largely forgotten movement has to offer today. Matthew Smith examines four ambitious projects that investigated the relationship between socioeconomic factors and mental illness in Chicago, New Haven, New York City, and Nova Scotia. He contends that social psychiatry waned not because of flaws in its preventive approach to mental health but rather because the economic and political crises of the 1970s and the shift to the right during the 1980s foreclosed the social changes required to create a more mentally healthy society. Smith also argues that social psychiatry provides timely insights about how progressive social policies, such as a universal basic income, can help stem rising rates of mental illness in the present day

"Social psychiatry was a mid-twentieth-century approach to mental health that stressed the prevention of mental illness rather than its treatment. Its proponents developed environmental explanations of mental health, arguing that socioeconomic problems such as poverty, inequality, and social isolation were the underlying causes of mental illness. The influence of social psychiatry contributed to the closure of psychiatric hospitals and the emergence of community mental health care during the 1960s. By the 1980s, however, social psychiatry was in decline, having lost ground to biological psychiatry and its emphasis on genetics, neurology, and psychopharmacology. The First Resort is a history of the rise and fall of social psychiatry that also explores the lessons this largely forgotten movement has to offer today. Matthew Smith examines four ambitious projects that investigated the relationship between socioeconomic factors and mental illness in Chicago, New Haven, New York City, and Nova Scotia. He contends that social psychiatry waned not because of flaws in its preventive approach to mental health but rather because the economic and political crises of the 1970s and the shift to the right during the 1980s foreclosed the social changes required to create a more mentally healthy society. Smith also argues that social psychiatry provides timely insights about how progressive social policies, such as a universal basic income, can help stem rising rates of mental illness in the present day"--

The arrival of European economic and monetary union (EMU) has been one of the biggest and most controversial issues that has confronted British politics in recent memory. Successive British governments from Callaghan to Blair and Conservative Prime Ministers in between have chosen a path that has placed Britain as the 'awkward partner' in Europe, and have often been accused of bending under the pressure of Euroscepticism either in their parties or the wider public. Through official government papers and interviews with former ministers and officials, this book goes behind the doors of the Treasury and Number 10 and reveals that policies were not shaped by Euroscepticism but rather primarily by repeated and methodical Treasury-led cost-benefit analysis of the EMU option. Furthermore, the findings of this book have real significance for our wider understanding of both the machinery of British government and the drivers of its relationship with Europe over recent decades.

1. Introduction -- 2. Tooke's contributions -- 3. Tooke's approach to value and distribution -- 4. On Tooke's explanation of agricultural price movements -- 5. An explanation of general price movements -- 6. The monetary thought of the pre-banking school Tooke, 1819-1838 -- 7. The monetary thought of the banking school Tooke, 1840-1857 -- 8. Tooke's legacy.

The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive account and reconsideration of the contribution to political economy of Thomas Tooke (1774-1858) throwing new light on monetary analysis within the framework of classical economics.

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the role of effective demand in Malthus's theory of accumulation expounded in his Principles of Political Economy. As is well known, Keynes praised Malthus for being a forerunner in identifying a lack of effective demand as a cause of depression in economic activity and a constraint on growth. There have since been many interpretations in the literature of Malthus's position by reference to his arguments against Say's Law in contending the possibility of "general gluts" and to his theory of capital accumulation. We begin by examining Malthus's conception of the supply-side factors that determine what we call, "potential accumulation", being accumulation that is not constrained by demand. The paper then considers the role of effective demand in Malthus's well known contention of the possibility of "general gluts" and, connectedly, in his theory of demand-constrained capital accumulation. On this basis, we then appraise whether Malthus's theory anticipates Keynes's principle of effective demand by reference to the debate on this question in the literature, showing that while Malthus lacked a meaningful saving-investment analysis, he does provide insights important to the modern demand-led approach to growth.

This article argues that the origins of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be traced to the late 1950s, and the emergence of a series of political, demographic, technological, cultural, and environmental changes occurring in the United States. While some of these changes, for example, Cold War concerns about the Space Race and heightened academic expectations of children, cast hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behaviours in a negative light, others, such as the introduction of synthetic food additives in the American diet, increased the occurrence of these very same characteristics in American children. The article concludes by contending that it is crucial to understand these historical factors in order to develop effective and child-centred responses to ADHD.